Why
mental health is a development issue
Lebanon sees 'remarkable progress' in health, curbing child mortality
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental groups in Lebanon left out of ministry talks
Experts map out national environment strategy for Lebanon
CITIZENSHIP
Lebanese secular party promotes citizenship-based society
Helem
publishes region's first magazine for gay Arabs
GENDER/
THE REGION
Campaign kicks off for Lebanese women's right to pass on nationality
Lebanese Government seeks NGO support to identify ways to end gender
discrimination
Islamic feminists denounce 'chauvinism'
Female
activist swims with 'sharks' in Egypt's elections
DEVELOPMENT
Lebanese Al-Mabarrat seeks to improve performance
Home
for elderly in Lebanon celebrates 50 years of service
Influx
of capital drops Lebanon's balance of payments to $200 million
INTERNATIONAL FUNDING
EU
announces strategy to help build Palestinian state
EU
plans new phase of cooperation to boost Lebanese economy
Lebanon donor conference postponed
HUMAN
AND SOCIAL RIGHTS
Lebanese Government willing to help UNRWA improve conditions in Palestinian
camps
Charity offers training programs to orphans, dropouts
Helem
publishes region's first magazine for gay Arabs
Palestinian activists urge authorities to improve living conditions in
refugee camps
Human
rights group condemns Iran's continued use of death penalty against juvenile
offenders
Spanish NGOs ready to dispute expulsion of immigrants
Deadly
protest adds to grievances of Egypt's Christians
Morocco backs Western Sahara autonomy
REPORTS & BOOKS & ARTICLES
DEVELOPMENT/ THE REGION
NGO's
insist reform in Arabs' own interest
ICT
Development gateway special report on information society: next steps
Technologies for Education for All: possibilities and prospects in the Arab
Region
GENDER/
THE REGION
Gender, the Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights in Context of the
2005 Review Processes
Exploring and understanding gender in education
Sexuality and globalization
Information & Communication Technologies and Trafficking in Women
EDUCATION
Corporate sector involvement in education for all: partnership with
corporate involvement for the improvement of basic education,
gender equality, and adult literacy in developing countries
Is
private education good for the poor?
HEALTH
Sexual
and reproductive health and rights: a cornerstone of development
TRAINING MATERIALS/ TOOL KITS
Gender
Training Packages
Building on gender, agro biodiversity and local knowledge: a training
manual
Development e-Brief
receives and comprises of material from various sources for its publication.
Should you wish to refer to these sources/ sites directly, the list includes
publications from: AVIVA,
www.aviva.org ,
AWID:
www.awid.org ,
Democracy Digest:
www.freedomhouse.org ,
Development Gateway:
www.developmentgatway.org ,
Dignity:
www.dignity.org ,
e-Civicus:
www.civicus.org ,
Eldis:
www.eldis.org ,
ESCWA:
www.escwa.org.lb ,
GDB:
www.developmentex.com ,
Global Knowledge Partnership:
www.globalknowledge.org ,
IGTN:
www.IGTN.org ,
ILO:
www.ilo.org
One World:
www.oneworld.net ,
Siyanda:
www.siyanda.org ,
The Daily Star:
www.dailystar.com.lb ,
The Drum Beat:
www.comminit.com ,
The Soul Beat:
www.comminit.com ,
The World Bank:
www.worldbank.org ,
UNDP:
www.undp.org ,
Wicejilist:
www.wicej.addr.com ,
WLP:
www.learningpartnership.org
EVENTS
DEMOCRACY
Arab activists meet to discuss democracy
/ Bahrain - November 8.
Arab
activists meeting in Bahrain on Tuesday Nov 8th,
to press for democratic change find themselves caught between battling
"dictator" regimes and U.S.-led initiatives for reform. While some activists
at a Manama conference insisted that Arab democratic movements are too weak
to implement reforms without external help.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19882
Notre
Dame
University in Lebanon hosts 'Democracy and Decentralization' conference
The implementation of a democratic and decentralized system of governance is
imperative to Lebanon's search for sustainable peace, stability and freedom,
according to Notre Dame University alid Moussa. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19868
GENDER
Gender & Conflict Transformation Jan 9 - Feb 3 2006 - Online Cours
This
online course aims to empower women to become key agents in conflict
transformation. Designed to bring together worldwide expertise on the
relationship between gender and conflict transformation, it will use a
variety of interactive methods to elicit thinking and exchange.
http://www.comminit.com/training2006/2006-events/events-4180.html
Workshop about disabled Arab women – Manama – Bahrain 11/13 November 05
This
workshop organized by NRDC in Lebanon will focus on disability issues in
general, and ways of diagnosing problems disabled women might face. Disabled
women’s experiences will be highlighted in this workshop, as well as their
opinions around services provided by associations and rehabilitation centers…
for more information please contact:
nrdc@destination.com.lb
HEALTH
Presentations of the technical advisory group annual meeting on
communication for polio eradication Cameroon, June 22 – 24 2005
o
Egypt - Communication Interventions in Support of Polio Eradication Program
This
presentation provided an overview of the epidemiological history, current
trends and risk factors in Egypt (one of 6 polio endemic countries), as well
as the country-specific communication strategies. Egypt experienced one case
of wild poliovirus in each of 2003 and 2004, with no cases reported to June
2005. Presentation summary:
http://www.comminit.com/evaluations/evaltagpolio2005/evaluations-122.html
Full presentation [PDF]:
http://www.comminit.com/pdf/TAG_PRESENTATION_EGYPT.pdf
Sudan – Sudan Communication for Polio Eradication
This
presentation provides an overview of the epidemiological history, as well as
the country -specific communication strategies and challenges. Sudan
experienced re-established transmission of wild poliovirus (after
importation) in 2004 (127 cases), with 3 cases reported to June 2005.
Summary:
http://www.comminit.com/evaluations/evaltagpolio2005/evaluations-131.html Full
presentation [PDF]:
http://www.comminit.com/pdf/TAG_PRESENTATION_SUDAN.pdf
Yemen – Communication for Polio eradication – Republic of Yemen
Yemen
experienced importation of wild poliovirus in 2005, with 264 cases reported
to June 2005. The key problem is identified as being that there is a low
level of immunity in the population and an accumulation of susceptible
children. The solution proposed is to conduct a series of high quality
house-to-house campaigns. NID campaigns in Yemen were scheduled for August,
September and October 2005.
Summary:
http://www.comminit.com/evaluations/evaltagpolio2005/evaluations-132.html
Full presentation [PDF]:
http://www.comminit.com/pdf/TAGPRESENTATION_YEMEN.pdf
DEVELOPMENT
First
Islamic conference on the child opens in Rabat
A landmark Islamic conference opened in Rabat on Monday Nov 7th to
draw up concrete measures aimed at alleviating the sufferings of more than a
quarter of the world's children, who are burdened by poverty, malnutrition
and disease. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19882
NEWS
HEALTH
Why mental health is a development
There
is a common myth that depression is a disease of affluence. In fact, there
is a strong link between marginalization and mental health problems, and
those living in poverty are more likely to suffer from depression. Of the
estimated 400 million persons affected by mental disorders, most live in
developing countries. For more information:
http://www.eldis.org/health/NCDs_mentalhealth.htm
Lebanon
sees 'remarkable progress' in health, curbing child mortality
Lebanon
has made "remarkable progress" in health rates with a significant decrease
in child mortality, according to Social Affairs Minister Nayla Mouawad.
Mouawad based her remarks on the preliminary results of a family health
survey carried out as part of the Arab Project for Family Health made public
Tuesday. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19602
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental groups in Lebanon left out of ministry
Environmental associations across the country expressed outrage at their
exclusion from the drafting of environmental policies in Lebanon. In a
statement issued Monday October 17th,
the leading environmental associations, including the Green Line
Association, Greenpeace, the Lebanese Gathering for Environmental
Protection, and 10 other groups said they had not been invited to a recent
meeting organized by the Environment Ministry entitled "the national plan of
action to protect the Mediterranean Sea from pollution." For more
information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19396
Experts map out national environment strategy for Lebanon
Lebanon will soon have its first ever National Environmental Action Plan
(NEAP), but its implementation will depend on its endorsement by the proper
authorities. The project is being funded by the European Union and has been
developed in cooperation with the Lebanese Environment Ministry over the
past three years. Its end result, which is expected to be announced on
December 22, will outline Lebanon's environmental strategy for the next 10
to 15 years.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19887
CITIZENSHIP
Lebanese secular party promotes citizenship-bas society
New secular political groups are attempting to navigate their way through
the country's complex confessional landscape as debate over the
reorganization of political life along nonsectarian lines increases and more
parties crop up to register on Lebanon's political scene. For more
information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19334
Helem
publishes region's first magazine for gay Arabs
Not
only has Lebanon managed to establish Helem, the first Arab non-governmental
organization openly fighting for the rights of homosexuals, but it is also
now publishing Barra (Arabic for Out), the region's first magazine for gay
Arabs. For more
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.aspedition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19179
GENDER/ THE REGION
Campaign kicks off for Lebanese nationality
A national campaign for Lebanese women to be given the right to
is My
Right and My Family's." The campaign is set to make its first foray into the
public forum on Sunday during the Beirut International Marathon, in which
some 500 activists will participate wearing
T- shirts earing the campaign's logo. For more info:
tar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19923
Lebanese
Government seeks NGO support to identify ways to end Gender discrimination
Social Affairs Minister Nayla Mouawad is urging civil society to come up
begin
eradicating discrimination against women in Lebanon. Read more at
www.civicus.org/new/content/endgenderdiscrimination.htm
Islamic
feminists denounce 'chauvinism'
The
first ever international conference on Islamic feminism, helb in Barcelona
(end of OCT 05),
unced on Sunday Oct 30th what
it term
interpretations of the Koran and claimed Islam could "liberate" women.
"Islam can liberate women and change their status," the conference's final
statement read. It also called for a more open interpretation of the Muslim
holy book to take into account the context of 21st century societies. For
more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/articl
Female
activist swims with 'sharks' in Egypt's elections
Being
a woman and a coptic christian in Muslim-majority Egypt, the odds are
against Mona Makram
Ebeid, but the feisty politician has embarked on a ca
win a
seat in parliament and break the back of "sectarianism and sexism." "Facing
10 men, growing Islamism and corruption money, it's a real obstacle race,"
said Ebeid, a relentless political activist, academic and veteran
politician. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19879
DEVELOPMENT
Lebanese
Al-Mabarrat seeks to improve performance
The renowned Al-Mabarrt
charity Association has begun to focus on improving the performance of its
institutions and maintaining the quality of its services. The
charity's various
establishments had expanded so much that it was impractical to continue
setting up major new projects," Al-Mabarrat director general, Mohammad-Baqer
Fadlallah. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19395
Home for elderly in Lebanon celebrates 50 years of service
To mark its 50 year
golden jubilee, Dar al-Ajaza al-Islamiyya Hospital (DAIH) has spent more
than $2 million on an extensive renovation and modernization process to
improve its services and furnish the compound with more sophisticated
medical equipment and facilities. "We felt the DAIH deserves to treat itself
after spending 50
year, For more information
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19651
Influx
of capital drops Lebanon's balance of payments to $200
Lebanon's accumulated balance of payments in the first nine months of 2005
fell to $200 million thanks to the inflex of capitals and funds unto the
country,said central Bank GOVERNOR Riad Salameh. "The balance of payments is
definitely improving and we expect the
positive trend to continue until the end of the year," Salameh. For
more info:http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=3&article_id=19784
INTERNATIONAL FUNDING
EU announces strategy to help build Palestinian state
The
European Commission announced ambitious plans to help build a politically
and
economically viable Palestinian state, including injecting hundreds of
millions of
euros
in extra aid. The aim is to use the opportunity created by Israel's
withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and put in place a comprehensive medium-term
assistance strategy.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19066
EU
plans new phase of cooperation to boost Lebanese economy
Head
of the Middle East Unit in the European union Alan Seatter Said Monday
October
17th;Cooperation
between the EU and Lebanon will contribute to developing
Lebanon's
economy. Seatter, who is heading the EU Task Force in charge of the European
Neighbourhood Policy, was speaking after a meeting with acting Foreign
Affairs Minister Tarek Mitri. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19398
Lebanon donor conference postponed
An international
donor's conference to collect financial aid for Lebanon set for December has
been postponed
until early 2006 to allow Beirut to adjust its obligations< prime Minister
Fouad Siniora Said Wednesday.
"Finalizing the program of economic, administrative, social and financial
reforms, which must be examined by the Cabinet and then by Parliament,
requires efforts over the next month," he said.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19924
HUMAN RIGHTS
Lebanese Government willing to help UNRWA improve conditions in Palestinian
camps
Lebanese premier
Minister Fouad Siniora expressed the Lebanese government's willingness to
offer additional help to the UN Relief and works Agency (UNRWA)
to
improve the living conditions of Palestinian refugees, Siniora was speaking
following a meeting with UNRWA director for Lebanon Richard Cook, according
to an article published in the An-Nahar newspaper on Sunday October 16th.
According to An-Nahar, discussions highlighted the possibility of expanding
UNRWA's activities, with sources close to the premier saying talks on
Palestinians' living conditions were free from political issues.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19374
Charity offers training programs to orphans, dropouts
Taking
a new approach to an old problem, Islamic charity organization Dar al-Aytam
al-islamiyya has created AL-Nibras Compound in the eastern Bekaa Valley to
introduce technical training to orphans and high
school dropouts. The organization
aims
to contribute "to the balanced growth in all Lebanese districts," said the
manager of the Nibras Compound of Khirbet Roha, Nadia Barazi. For more
information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=19368
Palestinian activits urge authorities to improve living conditions in
refugee camps
Palestinian activists reiterated the importance of the right of return to
palestinian refugees as they urged authorities to improve living conditions
in the refugee camps. activists were speaking during a news conference
organized by the palestinian
Human
Rights Organization "Rights," the Palestinian institution for Human Rights
"Witness" and the Palestinian Rights.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19311
Human rights group condemns Iran's continued use of death penalty
against juvenile
offenders
Amnesty International is outraged that Iran is continuing to pass death
sentences on minors and juvenile offenders
(those convicted of crimes mitted before the age of 18), and that it is
still passing sentence of
stoning to death, despite having announced a moratorium on such executions
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19509
Spanish NGOS ready to dispute expulsion of immigrants
Two
Spanish rights groups on Friday October 21st,
said they were ready to take theirgovernment to the European court of Human
Rigths for the explusion of 73 African immigrants to Morocco ealier this
momth." If Spanish courts do not reply to us, We will appeal to the
European court of human Rights in strasbourg, the mongovernmental
organization SOS Racismo and the Spanish Commission for help Refugees(CEAR)
said
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19512
Deadly
protest adds to grievances of Egypt's christians
A
deadly Muslim protest in front of a church in Alexandria has deepened the
resentment of Egypt's christian Coptic minority, which has long complained
of systematic
marginalization. Some 5,000 angry Muslims protestors rioted and clashed with
police on Friday
with
police on Friday October 21st,
demanding an apology from Coptic Pope Shenuda III over the release of a DVD
deemed offensive to Islam.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19561
Morocco backs Western Sahara autonomy
Moroccan King Mohammad VI has said he would consult with his country's
political
parties about autonomy for western Sahara on the 30th anniversary of the
territory's annexation by
Rabat. "We have decided to consult the politic parties having regard for
their
fundamental role in major national questions, to see how they view the
exercise of autonomy within the kingdom. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19852
REPORTS & BOOKS & ARTICLES
DEVELOPMENT/ THE REGION
NGO's insist reform in Arabs' own interes
Arab
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) called at a conference in Manama for
reforms as a "necessity" to modernize the Arab world, rejecting claims they
only served western interests.
Reforms in the Arab world are not aimed at "appeasing the west and serving
its goals" Abdel-Nabi al-Akri,
coordinator of the NGO conference. For more information:
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=19849
ICT
Development
gateway special report on information society: next
steps
The
Information Society has produced a tantalizing array of new information and
communication technologies (ICT) that have transformed today's approach to
development
Access
to these technologies is spreading rapidly, This years, the number of
Internet users in
developing countries is crossing the 500 million mark, surpassing industrial
nations for the first time. This Special Report looks at how the ICT
landscape is changing in the developing world and what lies ahead. The
report is available online at:
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/special/informationsociety?intcmp=914&intcmp=914
Technologies for Education for All: possibilities and prospects in the
Arab
Produced by:
Academy for Educational Development (AED), USA(2005)
This collection of essays looks at the state of the art of ICT for
education
and presents five case studies representing
the interaction between education and technology from Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon<
Morocco< and Palestine. It shows how Arab countries have home grown
solutions to their
unique
educational challenges, and innovative approaches to using technology as a
tool to empower and enhance education.
Available online at:
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC20072
GENDER/ THE REGION
Gender,
the Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights in Context of the
2005
Review Processes
- contributed by the Institute of Social Studies Trust-India
This paper argues that achievement
of the MDGs is both an indication of and a necessity for the realization of
human rights, because the MDGs correspond to states’ existing human rights
obligations found in the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Setting the MDGs back within a human rights
framework provides analytical and practical tools towards challenging the
prevailing neo-liberal, economic growth-driven model of development.
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/gender/rc/ItemDetail.do~1039700?intcmp=911
Exploring and understanding gender in education: a qualitative
search
manual for education practitioners and gender focal points
Produced by: UNESCO Bangkok: Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
(2005)
s
manual discusses ways to conduct qualitative research in order to promote
Tgender equality in the classroom, the school, and, by extension, in the
wider educational system. It provides the reader with the knowledge and
tools to understand gender disparities in education, their causes, and the
ways they can be overcome. The manual is aimed at education practitioners
whose major responsibility is to develop and manage an increasingly
effective, high quality, and gender-responsive educational system. Available
online at:
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC19772
Sexuality and globalization
Produce
by: Sexuality Research and Social Policy: journal of NSRC (2004)
This
paper, from Sexuality Research and Social Policy, explores the ways in which
globalization impacts upon sexuality and gender, focusing on HIV, sexual
identity and human and sexual rights in the developing world. The author
outlines how the effects of globalization, such as increased mobility and
urbanization, means that traditional ways of regulating and controlling
sexuality are changing and people are creating new forms of sexual behavior
and norms.
Available
online:
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC19753
Information & Communication Technologies and Trraffiking in Women
Association for Progressive Communication (APC) Women’s Networking Support
Programme and Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWRD)
his
paper discusses trafficking and information and communication
Technologies (ICTs) as defined by activists in the two arenas. It also
explores three pivotal and at times controversial questions: Does the role
of ICTs matter or is it a fashionable distraction from serious
counter-trafficking work? Can we talk of trafficking in images or does
trafficking only apply to people? Is consideration of privacy in relation to
ICTs contrary to counter-trafficking work or an essential part of a broader
movement to create safety and freedom for individuals and communities? The
Paper is available to download from
www.genderit.org/upload/ad6d215b74e2a8613f0cf5416c9f3865/spotlight6_en.pdf
EDUCATION
Corporate
sector
involvement
in education for all: partnership with Corporate
involvement
for the improvement of basic education, gender equality, and adult literacy
in developing countries
Produced by: UNESCO - Education Sector (2005)
This study is a mand public
stakeholders. It attempts to evaluate partnerships to understand how and why
they function. It also looks at the effectiveness of the partnerships
reviewed while identifying elements that may have helped or hindered the
attainment of their goal. Available online at:
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC19859
Is private education good for the poor?
Produced
by: G. West Centre for Market Solutions in education, UK(2005)
This report argues that private, unaided schools can play important role in
reaching
the poor and satisfying their educational needs. Private education has an
important role in helping the government meet its 'education for all'
targets. But private schools could be improved, by creating revolving loan
schemes to help infrastructural investment. Following the private schools'
own example, scholarships could be extended, through private or public
means, to ensure 'pupil passports', targeted at the poorest children, enable
them attend private schools. Key findings
are available online at:
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC19341:
HEALTH
Sexual and reproductive health and rights: a cornerstone of
development
Produced by: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
(2005) In this paper, the Swedish International Development Co-operation
Agency (Sida) sets out its policy on sexual and reproductive health and
rights (SRHR). It argues that violations of the right to sexual and
reproductive health both cause and are caused by poverty. Therefore,
realizing SRHR is not only a goal in itself, but a means to fight poverty,
underpinning all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Available online
at:
http://www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC19698
TRAINING MATERIALS/ TOOLKITS/ PROGRAMS
Gender
Training Packages
The objectives of these gender training packages, and the included
complementary training guide are to create an understanding of gender roles
and relations, to develop participant's ability to think about stereotyping,
oppression and gender relations, to create mutual trust and safety among
participants in discussing sensitive issues around gender relations and to
encourage participants to reflect upon their own lives and organizations and
to recognize relationships of inequality that affect them. The packages and
guide can be downloaded for free from
www.cngo.org.np/pub/trainningpack.php
Building
on gender, agro biodiversity and local knowledge: a training annual
This FAO training manual focuses specifically on the linkages between local
knowledge systems, gender roles and relationships, the conservation and
management of agro biodiversity, plant and animal genetic resources, and
food security. Its aim is to promote a holistic understanding of these
components. The training objective is to strengthen the institutional
capacity in the agricultural sector and to recognise and foster these
linkages in the relevant programmes and policies.
http://www.eldis.org/manuals
Development e-Brief is published by CRTD-A.
You are receiving this newsletter because you are a member of
CRTD-A / IRIS.
Please direct any comments to rmasri@macmag-glip.org
If you choose to unsubscribe please send a blank e-mail from the e-mail in
which you receive the e-Brief from, with the heading unsubscribe to
unsubscribee-brief@crtd.org
If you wish to subscribe please send a blank e-mail, with subscribe as a
heading to
subscribee-brief@crtd.org
all the available links were accessible during the preparation process
(Please accept our apologies if your subscribe / unsubscribe needs are not
being met to your satisfaction, as errors will inevitably occur)
